{"id":7442,"date":"2026-04-23T13:46:48","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T11:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/shakespeare-a-t-il-invente-lhumain-moderne\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T14:45:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T12:45:23","slug":"shakespeare-a-t-il-invente-lhumain-moderne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/shakespeare-a-t-il-invente-lhumain-moderne\/?lang=fr","title":{"rendered":"Shakespeare a-t-il invent\u00e9 l\u2019humain moderne ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Shakespeare et les personnages qu'il a cr&#xE9;&#xE9;s.\" class=\"wp-image-7425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">Journ\u00e9e mondiale du livre et du droit d\u2019auteur \u2013 un anniversaire symbolique<\/h2>\n\n<p>Chaque ann\u00e9e, le 23 avril, on c\u00e9l\u00e8bre la Journ\u00e9e mondiale du livre et du droit d\u2019auteur. Cette date n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie au hasard : c\u2019est ce jour-l\u00e0, en 1616 (selon le calendrier julien), que William Shakespeare est mort. Et m\u00eame si plus de quatre si\u00e8cles se sont \u00e9coul\u00e9s depuis sa disparition, l\u2019influence du g\u00e9nial dramaturge sur notre culture reste absolument fondamentale. Mais vous \u00eates-vous d\u00e9j\u00e0 demand\u00e9 jusqu\u2019o\u00f9 allait cet h\u00e9ritage ?   <br\/><br\/>Selon l\u2019un des plus grands critiques litt\u00e9raires du XXe si\u00e8cle, Shakespeare n\u2019a pas seulement fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 le th\u00e9\u00e2tre : il a, en un sens, contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 fa\u00e7onner ce que nous sommes aujourd\u2019hui.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">La th\u00e8se de Bloom : comment Shakespeare a \u00ab invent\u00e9 \u00bb l\u2019humain<\/h2>\n\n<p>Dans son ouvrage de 1998, \u00ab Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human \u00bb, le critique am\u00e9ricain Harold Bloom avance une id\u00e9e audacieuse, presque provocatrice : Shakespeare aurait \u00ab invent\u00e9 \u00bb la personnalit\u00e9 moderne. Sur les 38 pi\u00e8ces qui lui sont attribu\u00e9es, Bloom en distingue pas moins de 24 qu\u2019il consid\u00e8re comme des chefs-d\u2019\u0153uvre absolus \u2014 autant de textes dans lesquels se serait op\u00e9r\u00e9e une v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9volution de la conscience humaine. <br\/><br\/>En quoi consiste exactement cette \u00ab invention \u00bb ? Bloom soutient qu\u2019avant Shakespeare, les personnages litt\u00e9raires \u00e9voluaient surtout par l\u2019action ou par intervention divine. Les figures shakespeariennes, au contraire \u2014 Hamlet, Falstaff, le roi Lear ou Rosalind \u2014 gagnent en profondeur gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un m\u00e9canisme unique que Bloom appelle \u00ab s\u2019entendre soi-m\u00eame \u00bb (ang. overhearing oneself).  <br\/><br\/>Voyez comment cela fonctionne concr\u00e8tement :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Introspection : Les personnages \u00e9coutent leurs propres mots et, sur cette base, modifient leur pens\u00e9e et leurs actes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Complexit\u00e9 : Ce ne sont pas des arch\u00e9types plats, mais des individus pleins de contradictions et de conflits int\u00e9rieurs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Universalit\u00e9 : Leurs dilemmes, bien qu\u2019ancr\u00e9s dans une \u00e9poque pr\u00e9cise, r\u00e9sonnent aupr\u00e8s des lecteurs du monde entier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Un exemple parfait de cette r\u00e9volution est la phrase c\u00e9l\u00e8bre prononc\u00e9e par le prince du Danemark : \u00ab What a piece of work is a man! \u00bb. Hamlet ne se contente pas de d\u00e9crire la condition humaine : il la soumet \u00e0 une analyse constante, critique, devenant ainsi \u2014 en un sens \u2014 le premier intellectuel pleinement moderne de l\u2019histoire litt\u00e9raire.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">L\u2019angoisse de l\u2019influence et la d\u00e9fense du canon occidental<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pour comprendre pleinement la pens\u00e9e de Bloom, il faut revenir \u00e0 ses ouvrages ant\u00e9rieurs. Dans \u00ab The Anxiety of Influence \u00bb (1973), Bloom d\u00e9veloppe une th\u00e9orie psychanalytique de la relation entre les \u00e9crivains et leurs pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs. Selon lui, tout grand cr\u00e9ateur doit affronter une \u00ab angoisse \u00bb face aux ma\u00eetres imposants du pass\u00e9. Il y parvient par ce que Bloom nomme la \u00ab lecture radicalement d\u00e9formante \u00bb (strong misreading) : une mani\u00e8re d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e de remodeler et de d\u00e9former les \u0153uvres anciennes pour faire place \u00e0 une originalit\u00e9 nouvelle (processus qu\u2019il d\u00e9crit notamment \u00e0 travers des m\u00e9canismes comme clinamen, tessera et kenosis).    <br\/><br\/>Puis, dans \u00ab The Western Canon \u00bb (1994), Bloom place Shakespeare au centre absolu de l\u2019univers litt\u00e9raire et en fait le point de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de tous les \u00e9crivains ult\u00e9rieurs. Le livre est aussi une attaque ouverte contre ce que Bloom appelle la \u00ab school of resentment \u00bb \u2014 les critiques qui \u00e9valuent la litt\u00e9rature uniquement \u00e0 travers le prisme de l\u2019id\u00e9ologie, de la politique, du f\u00e9minisme ou du marxisme, en n\u00e9gligeant sa valeur esth\u00e9tique autonome.   <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">Critiques, accusation d\u2019eurocentrisme et contre-arguments<\/h2>\n\n<p>L\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019un dramaturge anglais ait \u00ab invent\u00e9 \u00bb l\u2019humain ne pouvait qu\u2019alimenter la controverse \u2014 et elle a suscit\u00e9 de vives critiques :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Accusation d\u2019eurocentrisme : De nombreux chercheurs reprochent \u00e0 Bloom de r\u00e9duire l\u2019histoire de la conscience humaine au seul monde occidental.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">N\u00e9gligence du contexte historique : Des sp\u00e9cialistes comme James Shapiro contestent l\u2019approche de Bloom, soulignant qu\u2019il ignore largement la biographie de Shakespeare et les r\u00e9alit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00e9poque \u00e9lisab\u00e9thaine.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Lectures postcoloniales : Les critiques \u00e9voquent souvent \u00ab La Temp\u00eate \u00bb et le personnage de Caliban pour montrer que Shakespeare peut \u00eatre lu \u00e0 travers les rapports de pouvoir et d\u2019oppression, et pas seulement comme une psychologie universelle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Comment Bloom r\u00e9pond-il \u00e0 ces accusations ? Son principal argument est celui d\u2019une empathie transculturelle. Selon lui, la grandeur de Shakespeare tient pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment \u00e0 sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 franchir les barri\u00e8res linguistiques, raciales et historiques, et \u00e0 permettre \u00e0 chacun de se reconna\u00eetre dans ses personnages.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">Un h\u00e9ritage qui continue d\u2019inspirer<\/h2>\n\n<p>Qu\u2019on adh\u00e8re ou non enti\u00e8rement \u00e0 Bloom, il est difficile de nier que Shakespeare demeure bien vivant dans notre culture. Son influence d\u00e9passe largement la sc\u00e8ne et les \u00e9ditions classiques : elle irrigue aussi la culture populaire contemporaine. Un exemple en est Hamnet, un film r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par Chlo\u00e9 Zhao, r\u00e9compens\u00e9e aux Oscars. Cette adaptation du roman \u00e0 succ\u00e8s de Maggie O\u2019Farrell s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9pouse du dramaturge, Agnes, et \u00e0 la mort de leur fils, apportant un nouvel \u00e9clairage sur l\u2019arri\u00e8re-plan \u00e9motionnel qui entoure l\u2019une des \u0153uvres les plus importantes de l\u2019histoire humaine.   <br\/><br\/>Alors, Shakespeare nous a-t-il vraiment \u00ab invent\u00e9s \u00bb ? C\u2019est peut-\u00eatre une formule trop audacieuse. Mais il nous a <a href=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/quest-ce-que-lautoedition-tout-ce-quil-faut-savoir\/?lang=fr\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/czym-jest-self-publishing-wszystko-co-musisz-wiedziec\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sans aucun doute donn\u00e9 un langage<\/a> \u2014 et des outils \u2014 pour exprimer nos \u00e9motions les plus complexes.  <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Sources :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, New York, 1998<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence, New York, 1973<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Harold Bloom, The Western Canon, New York, 1994<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Awiatowy_Dzie%C5%84_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_i_Praw_Autorskich\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Awiatowy_Dzie%C5%84_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_i_Praw_Autorskich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikip\u00e9dia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vous vous demandez d\u2019o\u00f9 vient notre sensibilit\u00e9 moderne et notre capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 nous observer nous-m\u00eames ? Harold Bloom affirmait que la conscience humaine moderne avait \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9e par\u2026 William Shakespeare. Voyons ce qu\u2019il en est.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7443,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[70,83,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses-fr","category-histoires-de-livres","category-que-lire"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-300x225.jpg",300,225,true],"large":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-1024x768.jpg",1024,768,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Gabriel Augustyn","author_link":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/author\/gaugustyn\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/categorie\/analyses-fr\/?lang=fr\" rel=\"category tag\">Analyses<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/categorie\/histoires-de-livres\/?lang=fr\" rel=\"category tag\">Histoires de livres<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/categorie\/que-lire\/?lang=fr\" rel=\"category tag\">Que lire ?<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Vous vous demandez d\u2019o\u00f9 vient notre sensibilit\u00e9 moderne et notre capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 nous observer nous-m\u00eames ? Harold Bloom affirmait que la conscience humaine moderne avait \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9e par\u2026 William Shakespeare. Voyons ce qu\u2019il en est.","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7442","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7442"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7442\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7444,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7442\/revisions\/7444"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7443"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7442"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7442"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7442"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}