{"id":7430,"date":"2026-04-23T13:46:48","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T11:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/did-shakespeare-write-the-modern-human\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T14:32:33","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T12:32:33","slug":"did-shakespeare-write-the-modern-human","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/did-shakespeare-write-the-modern-human\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Did Shakespeare Write the Modern Human Mind?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Shakespeare and the characters he created.\" class=\"wp-image-7425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">World Book and Copyright Day \u2013 a symbolic anniversary<\/h2>\n\n<p>Every year on 23 April we mark World Book and Copyright Day. The date wasn\u2019t chosen by chance: it was on that day in 1616 (according to the Julian calendar) that William Shakespeare died. And although more than four centuries have passed since his death, the influence of the brilliant playwright on our culture remains absolutely fundamental. But have you ever wondered how deep that influence runs?   <br\/><br\/>According to one of the most important literary critics of the twentieth century, Shakespeare not only shaped theatre \u2013 he actually helped create who we are today.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">Bloom\u2019s thesis: How Shakespeare \u201cinvented\u201d the human<\/h2>\n\n<p>In his 1998 book \u201cShakespeare: The Invention of the Human\u201d, the American critic Harold Bloom advances a bold, almost provocative claim: Shakespeare \u201cinvented\u201d the modern personality. Out of the 38 plays attributed to him, Bloom singles out as many as 24 as absolute masterpieces \u2013 works in which a revolution of human consciousness took place. <br\/><br\/>What exactly does this \u201cinvention\u201d consist of? Bloom argues that before Shakespeare, literary characters developed mainly through action or divine intervention. Shakespeare\u2019s figures, by contrast \u2013 Hamlet, Falstaff, King Lear, or Rosalind \u2013 gain depth thanks to a unique mechanism Bloom calls \u201coverhearing oneself\u201d.  <br\/><br\/>Notice how it works in practice:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Self-reflection: The characters listen to their own words and, on that basis, change their thinking and behaviour.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Multi-dimensionality: They are not flat archetypes but individuals full of contradictions and inner conflicts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Universality: Their dilemmas, though rooted in a particular era, resonate with readers at every latitude.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>A perfect example of this revolution is the famous line spoken by the Prince of Denmark: \u201cWhat a piece of work is a man!\u201d Hamlet not only describes the human condition \u2013 he subjects it to constant, critical analysis, becoming, in this sense, the first fully modern intellectual in the history of literature.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">\u201cThe anxiety of influence\u201c and the defence of the \u201cWestern canon\u201c<\/h2>\n\n<p>To fully understand Bloom\u2019s argument, we have to look at his earlier work. In \u201cThe Anxiety of Influence\u201c (1973), Bloom presented a psychoanalytic theory of how writers relate to their predecessors. In his view, every great creator must grapple with an \u201canxiety\u201d about the towering masters of the past. They do so through what Bloom calls \u201cstrong misreading\u201d \u2013 deliberately reshaping and misinterpreting earlier works to make room for their own originality (a process he described through mechanisms such as clinamen, tessera, and kenosis).    <br\/><br\/>Then, in his 1994 book \u201cThe Western Canon\u201c, Bloom places Shakespeare at the absolute centre of the literary universe, presenting him as the point of reference for every later writer. The book was also an open argument with what Bloom dubbed the \u201cschool of resentment\u201d \u2013 critics who judged literature purely through the lens of ideology, politics, feminism, or Marxism, while ignoring its autonomous aesthetic value.   <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">Criticism, the charge of Eurocentrism, and Bloom\u2019s counter-arguments<\/h2>\n\n<p>The idea that one English playwright \u201cinvented\u201d the human could hardly pass without controversy \u2013 and it met with sharp criticism:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">The charge of Eurocentrism: Many scholars accused Bloom of narrowing the history of human consciousness to the Western cultural sphere.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Ignoring historical context: Scholars such as James Shapiro questioned Bloom\u2019s approach, pointing out that he largely ignores Shakespeare\u2019s biography and the realities of the Elizabethan era.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Postcolonial questions: Critics often cite \u201cThe Tempest\u201c and the character of Caliban as proof that Shakespeare can be read through the prism of power and oppression, not only universal psychology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>How did Bloom respond? His main counter-argument was the idea of cross-cultural empathy. He believed that Shakespeare\u2019s greatness lies precisely in how his plays break through linguistic, racial, and historical barriers, allowing any reader to find a piece of their own humanity within them.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-size:24px\">A legacy that still inspires<\/h2>\n\n<p>Whether or not we fully agree with Bloom, it\u2019s hard to deny that Shakespeare is still alive in our culture. His influence reaches far beyond the stage and classic editions of his works, seeping into contemporary popular culture. One proof is Hamnet, a film directed by Academy Award\u2013winning Chlo\u00e9 Zhao. This screen adaptation of Maggie O\u2019Farrell\u2019s bestselling novel focuses on the playwright\u2019s wife, Agnes, and the death of their son, shedding new light on the emotional background behind the creation of one of the most important bodies of work in human history.   <br\/><br\/>So did Shakespeare really \u201cinvent\u201d us? Perhaps that\u2019s too bold a statement. But he certainly <a href=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/what-is-self-publishing-everything-you-need-to-know\/?lang=en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/czym-jest-self-publishing-wszystko-co-musisz-wiedziec\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gave us a language<\/a> \u2013 and the tools \u2013 to describe our most complicated emotions.  <\/p>\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Sources:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, New York, 1998<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence, New York, 1973<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Harold Bloom, The Western Canon, New York, 1994<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Awiatowy_Dzie%C5%84_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_i_Praw_Autorskich\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Awiatowy_Dzie%C5%84_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_i_Praw_Autorskich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ever wondered where our modern sensitivity and self-reflection come from? Harold Bloom claimed that modern human consciousness was invented by\u2026 William Shakespeare. Let\u2019s see how much truth there is.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7431,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[69,68,66],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analyses","category-book-stories","category-what-to-read"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-300x225.jpg",300,225,true],"large":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02-1024x768.jpg",1024,768,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/18_Czy-Shakespeare-napisal_w_czlowieka_1200x90_02.jpg",1200,900,false]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Gabriel Augustyn","author_link":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/author\/gaugustyn\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/category\/analyses\/?lang=en\" rel=\"category tag\">Analyses<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/category\/book-stories\/?lang=en\" rel=\"category tag\">Book Stories<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/category\/what-to-read\/?lang=en\" rel=\"category tag\">What to Read?<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Ever wondered where our modern sensitivity and self-reflection come from? Harold Bloom claimed that modern human consciousness was invented by\u2026 William Shakespeare. Let\u2019s see how much truth there is.","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7430"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7436,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7430\/revisions\/7436"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/booksfactory.pl\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}